ABSTRACT Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global climate change. The N2O soil emissions have a large uncertainty because of its low atmospheric concentration levels and enormous spatial and temporal variability, which hinders its correct field measurement. For this reason, there are many papers focused on improving the N2O measurements in the field, which focus on different parts of the measurement process. However, no studies have focused on determining the appropriate method, in terms of simplicity and precision, for the sample extraction from inside of the chambers and its transfer to the storage vials, although this step is key in the sampling process. This study aimed to assess and compare the accuracies of three simple and economical methods in transfer soil emitted N2O from inside of the chambers to the vials. For this, a highly accepted method (vacuum by manual pump) and two simpler alternative methods (gas exchange by displacement and vacuum by syringe) were compared. Thirty static chambers were assessed with the quantified N2O emission values varied from 0 to 450 µg m-2 h-1 of N-N2O. Out of the three assessed methods, the vacuum method through the use of a manual vacuum pump was the best to quantifying N2O soil emissions (capturing 57 % of the highest emission values), followed by the gas exchange method by displacement (30 %), and finally by the vacuum method by syringe extraction (13%).

Supplementary irrigation increases and stabilizes crop yields. However, when irrigation water of poor quality is applied, it can adversely affect soil properties. The objective of this study was to: evaluate the influence of supplementary irrigation on some physical and chemical properties under no- till cultivation systems. A field experiment was performed on a loamy Typical Argiudoll, managed under no- tillage. The treatments were: 1-Irrigated soil during 13 years, 2-Adjacent Rainfed soil. Soil chemical (pH, electric conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, organic carbon, total N, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, extractable P) and physical properties (infiltration rate, soil penetration resistance, bulk density, gravimetric water content, structural instability) were evaluated. Irrigation significantly increased the pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (P 2Mpa) in both treatments, probably due to the effects of the cultivation and harvest machinery under high soil water contents. The soil structural instability was very low (i.e. high structural stability) in both treatments, probably associated to the high organic matter content and the no- till cultivation system.

El riego complementario permite incrementar y estabilizar los rendimientos de los cultivos de granos. Sin embargo, cuando se utilizan aguas de mala calidad, pueden generar procesos de degradación de las propiedades edáficas. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del riego complementario, con agua de baja conductividad eléctrica y sodicidad intermedia, sobre algunas propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo Argiudol típico, franco, en siembra directa. Los tratamientos fueron: i: Riego durante 13 años; ii: Secano en zonas adyacentes (esquinas). Las propiedades se evaluaron en tres sectores dentro del lote diferenciando en círculo de riego y esquinas, con un diseño de t-apareado. El tratamiento Riego incrementó significativamente el pH y el porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (P0,05). La resistencia a la penetración fue superior a 2 MPa en ambos tratamientos en todo el perfil medido (0-40 cm), lo cual estuvo posiblemente asociado al tránsito vehicular y la cosecha en suelo húmedo. La estabilidad de agregados fue muy alta en ambos tratamientos, atribuible al contenido elevado de materia orgánica en superficie y al manejo en siembra directa.

Soil structural instability (IEST) characterizes the resistance to degradation of soils. Soil IEST (De Leenheer and De Boodt) was determined in 67 sites under different soil managements in the Northern Pampean Region, in order to establish its relation with: a) core bulk density (DAP); b) total organic carbon and its particulate (> 53 mm) and resistant (<53 mm) fractions; c) granulometric fractions; and d) relative compaction (ratio bulk density to maximum bulk density by Proctor Test). Soil IEST allowed distinguishing among quasi-pristine and agriculture under tillage (P<0.05). Meanwhile integrated crop-livestock systems under no tillage and agriculture under no tillage presented intermediate values. DAP was highest in the integrated crop-livestock systems under no tillage. A multiple regression model (R2 = 0.37) was fitted between IEST and total organic carbon and silt content and a Dummy variable related to management. DAP was negatively related with total organic carbon and clay content and positive with a Dummy variable (value= 1 for integrated crop-livestock systems and 0 for the others) (R2= 0.62). Results suggest other stabilizing agents like the action of plant roots could be responsible for the variation in SI in these soils. It can be concluded that higher carbon contents are required to stabilize silty soils.

La inestabilidad estructural (IEST) permite caracterizar la resistencia a la degradación de los suelos. Se determinó la IEST (De Leenheer& De Boodt) en 67 sitios de muestreo bajo distintos manejos en la Región Pampeana norte, con el objetivo de comparar los manejos y analizar su relación con: a) la densidad aparente (DAP); b) el contenido de carbono orgánico total y sus fracciones particulada (> 53 mm) y resistente (< 53 mm); c) composición granulométrica; y d) la compactación relativa (relación entre la densidad aparente y la densidad máxima del suelo según Test de Proctor). La IEST de los suelos permitió diferenciar estadísticamente entre los sistemas agrícolas laboreados de los cuasi-prístinos. El resto de los sistemas, mixtos en siembra directa y agrícolas en siembra directa, presentaron valores intermedios. La IEST estuvo relacionada con el carbono orgánico total y el carbono orgánico particulado. La DAP fue mayor en los sistemas mixtos en SD. Se ajustó una función de regresión múltiple (R2 = 0,37) que muestra que la variación de IEST estuvo inversamente relacionada con el carbono orgánico total y directamente con el contenido de limo y con una variable Dummy asociada al manejo (valor= 1 agrícolas laboreados y 0 para el resto). En el caso de la DAP estuvo inversamente relacionada con el carbono orgánico total y la arcilla y positivamente con una variable Dummy (valor= 1 mixtos en siembra directa y 0 para el resto) (R2= 0,62). Los resultados sugieren que otros mecanismos de estabilización, como los ejercidos por las raíces, fueron también responsables de la variación de IEST. El rol estabilizador del carbono orgánico estuvo relacionado con el contenido de limo de los suelos. Mayores contenidos de carbono orgánico son requeridos para lograr estabilidad estructural en suelos limosos.

Um dos benefícios esperados do uso do plantio direto é um maior sequestro de C. Contudo, nem sempre se observa maior retenção de C no solo quando esse sistema de preparo é utilizado, devido principalmente às diferenças em tipo de solo e conteúdo inicial de C, entre outras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do plantio direto para estocar C orgânico nos solos da Região do Pampa Argentino. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em 40 áreas sob plantio direto ou preparo convencional e em sete campos não cultivados por vários anos. Determinaram-se o C orgânico total, N total, suas frações lábeis, sua taxa de estratificação e a capacidade de estocar C dos solos sob diferentes manejos, na camada de 0-30 cm de profundidade, a qual foi dividida, para fins de amostragem, em três profundidades (0-5, 5-15 e 15-30 cm). Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) para todos os pools de C entre os solos não cultivados e os cultivados. A diferença mais pronunciada foi verificada na camada superficial (0-5 cm), sendo determinado o maior teor de C lábil próximo da superfície do solo (não perturbado > plantio direto > preparo convencional). A taxa de estratificação do C lábil (0-5/5-15 cm) permitiu separar as áreas sob plantio direto daquelas sob preparo convencional. Boa parte da variação em C potencialmente mineralizável foi explicada pela fração lábil do C (R² = 0,61), assim como pelo C orgânico total (R² = 0,67). Os solos sob plantio direto não estocaram mais C orgânico do que os preparados de maneira convencional, na camada de 0-30 cm. Entretanto, houve substancial estratificação dos pools de C lábil nos locais sob plantio direto, indicando que, se a taxa de estratificação for realmente um indicador de qualidade de solos, as áreas sob plantio direto poderiam ter maior potencial de acúmulo de C, pelo menos nas camadas superficiais de solo, se comparada com as áreas sob preparo convencional. O C orgânico particulado e o C potencialmente mineralizável podem ser utilizados para avaliar variações na matéria orgânica da camada superficial do solo.

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

A prova de Proctor consome tempo e requer a amostragem de grande quantidade de solo. Neste estudo, os parâmetros da prova de Proctor foram preditos em Molisols, Entisols e Vertisols da região do Pampa Argentino sob diferentes manejos. Para isso, partiu-se de um número mínimo de propriedades do solo facilmente disponíveis, como textura do solo e teor de matéria orgânica, e do manejo adotado. Os resultados foram usados para gerar um modelo de suscetibilidade, que foi logo validado utilizando um segundo grupo de dados independentes. O manejo foi igual a 0 para os solos não trabalhados e sob plantio direto e 1 para os solos manejados sob plantio convencional. Os modelos obtidos predisseram razoavelmente os parâmetros da prova de Proctor partindo de propriedades do solo facilmente disponíveis. Os sistemas de preparo induziram mudanças na máxima densidade aparente apesar dos conteúdos de matéria orgânica e textura do solo. Os menores valores máximos de densidade aparente do solo obtido sob plantio direto tornam necessária uma revisão dos limites de compactação relativa para diferentes cultivos manejados com plantio direto.

The Proctor test is time-consuming and requires sampling of several kilograms of soil. Proctor test parameters were predicted in Mollisols, Entisols and Vertisols of the Pampean region of Argentina under different management systems. They were estimated from a minimum number of readily available soil properties (soil texture, total organic C) and management (training data set; n = 73). The results were used to generate a soil compaction susceptibility model, which was subsequently validated using a second group of independent data (test data set; n = 24). Soil maximum bulk density was estimated as follows: Maximum bulk density (Mg m-3) = 1.4756 - 0.00599 total organic C (g kg-1) + 0.0000275 sand (g kg-1) + 0.0539 management. Management was equal to 0 for uncropped and untilled soils and 1 for conventionally tilled soils. The established models predicted the Proctor test parameters reasonably well, based on readily available soil properties. Tillage systems induced changes in the maximum bulk density regardless of total organic matter content or soil texture. The lower maximum apparent bulk density values under no-tillage require a revision of the relative compaction thresholds for different no-tillage crops.

No-tilled soils have higher penetration resistances and bulk density values than tilled soils. Shallow compaction may be alleviated using deep tillage practices. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of soil alleviation on: 1- soil physical properties at maize sowing and harvest, 2- root abundance, maize yield and its components. Three experiments were conducted during the 2004/05 growing season. The experiments had a complete block design, with 2 treatments (control and deep-tilled) and 3 replicates, and were located at Junín, San Gregorio and Chivilcoy. Soil bulk density, soil water content, soil penetration resistance and infiltration rate were determined at maize sowing and harvest. At flowering maize root abundance, intercepted photosynthetic active radiation and leaf greenness were determined. Additionally, yield and its components were measured. Soil alleviation increased infiltration rate at sowing (P<0,05), but there were no differences at harvest. Soil alleviation reduced penetration resistances at sowing by 54%, 28%, 42 % at Junin, San Gregorio and Chivilcoy, respectively (P<0,05). Deep tillage increased root abundance at flowering at Junin and Chivilcoy (P<0,05). Maize yield showed a positive and statistically significant increase with soil alleviation. However, its magnitude was only 6,5% more than control yield. This result was in accordance with a 3% increase in intercepted photosynthetic active radiation. Yield response to subsoiling was positively related with the original soil bulk density at each site. Although the measured changes might improve water use efficiency, little impact on yield was observed due to a relatively humid cropping season. More research is needed in order to establish crop response in a wide range of water availability and soil compaction conditions.

Los suelos manejados con siembra directa presentan valores de resistencia a la penetración y de densidad aparente en superficie mayores que los suelos laboreados. La utilización de descompactadores puede ser una alternativa para aliviar dicha compactación. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1- evaluar el efecto de la descompactación en siembra directa sobre las algunas propiedades físicas del suelo a siembra y cosecha del cultivo de maíz; 2- determinar el efecto de la descompactación sobre el desarrollo de las raíces, el rendimiento del cultivo de maíz y sus componentes. Durante la campaña 2004/05 se llevaron a cabo tres experimentos en las localidades de Junín, San Gregorio y Chivilcoy. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: testigo (siembra directa continua) y descompactado (pasaje de descompactador entre 36-42 cm de profundidad). A siembra y cosecha se determinó la densidad aparente, la humedad, la resistencia a la penetración y la infiltración. A floración se evaluó la abundancia radical, la radiación interceptada y el índice de verdor (SPAD). A cosecha se determinó el rendimiento y sus componentes. El tratamiento descompactado presentó un importante aumento de la tasa de infiltración a la siembra (P<0,05), sin embargo estas diferencias no fueron significativas a cosecha. La resistencia a la penetración a la siembra en el tratamiento descompactado respecto del testigo fue un 54%, 28% y 42% menor en Junín, San Gregorio y Chivilcoy, respectivamente (P<0,05). La abundancia radical presentó diferencias entre tratamientos en Junín y Chivilcoy (P<0,05). El rendimiento del tratamiento descompactado mostró un incremento relativo del 6,5% como promedio de todos los sitios (P<0,05). Esto coincidió con un 3% más de intercepción de radiación en floración (P<0,05). El incremento de rendimiento debido a la descompactación estuvo positivamente relacionado con la densidad aparente original de cada sitio. Si bien se observaron cambios que mejorarían la economía del agua, estos no tuvieron gran impacto sobre el rendimiento debido a la condición hídrica favorable durante la campaña evaluada. Es necesario realizar un mayor número de ensayos abarcando un rango más amplio de condiciones hídricas y de compactación de suelo.